Moreover, disclosures concerning algorithmic systems often take place when their shortcomings (potential harms) are inadvertently exposed, often through the work of public interest groups

Deployments of algorithmic decision-making systems (ADMs) by the public sector have been plagued with opacity. There is a baseline lack of visibility of the context and purpose of the ADM system as well as its potential risks to individuals and collective goods. In many cases, citizens are unaware of the very existence of algorithmic systems that they interact with or that help decide their access to benefits or influence policing. Moreover, disclosures concerning algorithmic systems often take place when their shortcomings (potential harms) are inadvertently exposed, often through the work of public interest groups.