This paper offers a comprehensive examination of the role emerging digital technologies can play in improving citizen participation.

It looks, in particular, at the opportunities offered by artificial intelligence, blockchain, and virtual reality. It assesses how these tools can be used to tackle specific challenges in citizen participation, while acknowledging the inherent complexities and risks. The paper presents adaptable and replicable solutions that could inspire public authorities across the OECD and beyond. It finds that AI, blockchain and virtual reality technologies can be used to i) reduce barriers to participation, ii) increase capacities in government, and iii) ultimately empower citizens with more intelligible and accountable participatory processes. The paper concludes with a way forward outlining key actions for governments to effectively use emerging technologies to, ultimately, improve citizen participation and deliberation.