Standards and protocols for managing citizen or resident identity in a digital manner.

Suggested resources:

• CivicSpace.tech guide to Digital IDs, including their relevance to civic space, opportunities, risks, and case studies
• "A recent report from Juniper Research found that the number of digital identity apps in use globally will exceed 6.2 billion by 2025, from just over 1 billion today. Civic identity apps are expected to account for almost 90 percent of these, with the lasting impact of the pandemic being one of the major drivers." - Sarah Wray in Cities Today
• Legal boundaries of digital identity creation, by Ewa Michalkiewicz-Kadziela, and Ewa Milczarek
• See also the privacy pushback on government implementation of digital identity systems from Access Now and partners